Standard 1.2.1- Explain how homeostasis is maintained in the cell and within
an organism in various environments (including temperature
and pH).
There are many ways that a cell maintains homeostasis. Homeostasis is the state of a cell reaching equilibrium between itself and it's surrounding environment. A cells membrane plays a key role in the process of cellular transport. There are two different types of cellular transport which helps in the process of equilibrium. Certain environmental factors such as pH and temperature can affect the way cells function. Each cell has a certain level of pH and temperature they can function in.
For example: If a body cells in the body of a human get warmer than 108 degrees the cell will die but if the body cell gets colder than 91 degrees it will also die. This explains why the people on the Titanic froze to death and how it is possible for someone to die of a heat stroke.
For example: If a body cells in the body of a human get warmer than 108 degrees the cell will die but if the body cell gets colder than 91 degrees it will also die. This explains why the people on the Titanic froze to death and how it is possible for someone to die of a heat stroke.
Passive transport:
- Does not require energy in the form of ATP
- Materials move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration through a process called diffusion (when water is involved the process is called osmosis)
![Picture](/uploads/5/1/6/6/51661907/3273156_orig.gif)
Active Transport:
- Endocytosis has the function of moving larger materials into the cell
- Requires energy in the form of ATP
- Three main types of active transport
- Sodium potassium pump regulates the amount of sodium and potassium that enters and exits a cell
- Endocytosis has the function of moving larger materials into the cell
-Exocytosis in a way is the complete opposite of endocytosis.
Instead of moving larger materials out of the cell it moves them into the cell.
Instead of moving larger materials out of the cell it moves them into the cell.
Standard 1.2.2 - analyze how cells grow in terms of interphase, mitosis, and cytokineses
The cell cycle is a very important cycle when it comes to the reproduction of two identical daughter cells. Interphase can be described as the longest phase in cell division. During Interphase the cells DNA replicates and the production of proteins occurs. Mitosis is a form of a sexual reproduction that consists of four different stages: PMAT; Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
"Interphase: Cells may appear inactive during this stage, but they are quite the opposite. This is the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates, the centrioles divide, and proteins are actively produced. For a complete description of the events during Interphase, read about the Cell Cycle.
Prophase: During this first mitotic stage, the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes. Each replicated chromosome comprises two chromatids, both with the same genetic information. Microtubules of the cytoskeleton, responsible for cell shape, motility and attachment to other cells during interphase, disassemble. And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle from the region of the centrosomes.
Prometaphase: In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a recognizable nucleus. Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to kinetochores, protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister chromatids are joined. Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes, overlap each other at the cell center.
Metaphase: Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the center of the cell.
Anaphase: Spindle fibers shorten, the kinetochores separate, and the chromatids (daughter chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles.
Telophase: The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have pulled them apart disappear.
Cytokinesis: The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only that portion of overlap is left. It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two daughter cells. Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to interphase."("Animal Cell Mitosis ." Animal Cell Mitosis. Ed. James Sullivan. Cells Alive, 2015. Web. 18 May 2015. )"
"Interphase: Cells may appear inactive during this stage, but they are quite the opposite. This is the longest period of the complete cell cycle during which DNA replicates, the centrioles divide, and proteins are actively produced. For a complete description of the events during Interphase, read about the Cell Cycle.
Prophase: During this first mitotic stage, the nucleolus fades and chromatin (replicated DNA and associated proteins) condenses into chromosomes. Each replicated chromosome comprises two chromatids, both with the same genetic information. Microtubules of the cytoskeleton, responsible for cell shape, motility and attachment to other cells during interphase, disassemble. And the building blocks of these microtubules are used to grow the mitotic spindle from the region of the centrosomes.
Prometaphase: In this stage the nuclear envelope breaks down so there is no longer a recognizable nucleus. Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to kinetochores, protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister chromatids are joined. Other spindle fibers elongate but instead of attaching to chromosomes, overlap each other at the cell center.
Metaphase: Tension applied by the spindle fibers aligns all chromosomes in one plane at the center of the cell.
Anaphase: Spindle fibers shorten, the kinetochores separate, and the chromatids (daughter chromosomes) are pulled apart and begin moving to the cell poles.
Telophase: The daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle fibers that have pulled them apart disappear.
Cytokinesis: The spindle fibers not attached to chromosomes begin breaking down until only that portion of overlap is left. It is in this region that a contractile ring cleaves the cell into two daughter cells. Microtubules then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to interphase."("Animal Cell Mitosis ." Animal Cell Mitosis. Ed. James Sullivan. Cells Alive, 2015. Web. 18 May 2015. )"
Standard 1.2.3- Explain how specific cell adaptations help cells survive in particular environments (focus on unicellular organisms)
Just like organisms around us, cells have to adapt to their surrounding environment. Cells have physical structures that help assist in movement or gaining energy.
Contractile Vacuole-
Transportation-
Contractile Vacuole-
- protect a cell from absorbing too much water and potentially exploding by excreting excess water.
- Wastes are excreted from the cell along with excess water by the contractile vacuoles.
- Contractile vacuoles function by expanding while collecting water and contracting to release the water.
- (Source: Boundless. “Contractile Vacuoles in Microorganisms.” Boundless Biology. Boundless, 03 Jul. 2014. Retrieved 18 May. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/osmotic-regulation-and-the-excretory-system-41/excretion-systems-230/contractile-vacuoles-in-microorganisms-862-12109/)
Transportation-
- Flagella: a long whip like structure that functions by pulling the cell.
- Cilia: tiny hairs on cells that help a cell move through liquids
3. Pseudopods- are temporary "false feet" that some eukaryotic cells use to move and also to feed
Ways of gaining energy-
Ways of gaining energy-
- some organisms have an eyespot which basically locates direct sunlight and converts the sunlight into energy for the cell
- heterotrophic - have to consume food to gain energy
- autotrophic- produce their own energy through the process called photosynthesis
Works Cited
"Carbohydrates - Chemical Structure." (Page 1 of 3). Antonio Zamora. Web. 9 Jan. 2015. <http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/carbohydrates.html>.
"Lipids: Fats, Oils, Waxes, Etc." Lipids. J.Stein Carter, 1 Jan. 1996. Web. 9 Jan. 2015. <http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/lipids.htm>.
"Ohio Governor's Residence and Heritage Garden." Ohio Governor's Residence and Heritage Garden. Wonders of Our World. Web. 9 Jan. 2015. <http://www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/garden/photosynthesis.aspx>.
"The Structure of Proteins." The Structure of Proteins. Rbowen, 21 Apr. 2002. Web. 9 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/genetics/biotech/basics/prostruct.html>.
"Why Is Photosynthesis So Important?" Why Is Photosynthesis So Important? Webmaster, 1 Jan. 1999. Web. 9 Jan. 2015.
<http://assoc.garden.org/courseweb/course1/week2/page6.htm>.
"Animal Cell Mitosis ." Animal Cell Mitosis. Ed. James Sullivan. Cells Alive, 2015. Web. 18 May 2015. .
"Carbohydrates - Chemical Structure." (Page 1 of 3). Antonio Zamora. Web. 9 Jan. 2015. <http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/carbohydrates.html>.
"Lipids: Fats, Oils, Waxes, Etc." Lipids. J.Stein Carter, 1 Jan. 1996. Web. 9 Jan. 2015. <http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/lipids.htm>.
"Ohio Governor's Residence and Heritage Garden." Ohio Governor's Residence and Heritage Garden. Wonders of Our World. Web. 9 Jan. 2015. <http://www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/garden/photosynthesis.aspx>.
"The Structure of Proteins." The Structure of Proteins. Rbowen, 21 Apr. 2002. Web. 9 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/genetics/biotech/basics/prostruct.html>.
"Why Is Photosynthesis So Important?" Why Is Photosynthesis So Important? Webmaster, 1 Jan. 1999. Web. 9 Jan. 2015.
<http://assoc.garden.org/courseweb/course1/week2/page6.htm>.
"Animal Cell Mitosis ." Animal Cell Mitosis. Ed. James Sullivan. Cells Alive, 2015. Web. 18 May 2015. .